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News archive 1997-2008

Tomato leaf curl New Delhi and cucurbit aphid-borne yellows viruses in Almeria, Spain

A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

Date: Wed 6 Nov 2024
Source: HortiDaily [summ. Mod.DHA, edited]
https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9675719/growers-in-nijar-start-uprooting-vegetable-crops-due-to-the-incidence-of-viruses/

Producers have already detected the 1st active outbreaks of viruses in Almeria. Zucchini crops in the eastern part of the province are affected by the New Delhi and cucurbit aphid-borne yellows viruses. New Delhi virus severely damages the plants and fruit production; cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus is an emerging virus in temperate and Mediterranean regions. Many farmers have not been able to harvest and have uprooted the plants.

It is recommended that producers uproot all of their plants and change crops to try to break the chain of transmission, especially in organic farming. There is not much that can be done to thoroughly clean glasshouse structures of these pests.

The tomato brown rugose fruit virus, which has caused havoc in previous campaigns, is being closely monitored. At the moment there are no signs of it. However, some cucumber crops are showing yellowing symptoms.

--
Communicated by:
ProMED

[CABYV
-----
_Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus_ (CABYV; genus _Polerovirus_, Luteoviridae) affects primarily cucurbit crops (such as cucumber, zucchini, melons, pumpkins, squashes) but has also been reported from lettuce, beet and some legumes (chickpea, broad bean). Symptoms may be confused with nutritional problems and vary with crops, cultivars and environmental conditions. They may include interveinal yellowing, thickening and brittleness of leaves, complete yellowing of whole plants and loss of plant vigour leading to reduced flowering and fruit production. Yield losses of up to 50% for cucumbers and 15% for melons have been reported. Similar symptoms in cucurbits can also be caused by some other _Polerovirus_ or _Crinivirus_ species (e.g., see ProMED post 20220318.8702057).

The virus resides in phloem tissue and can be spread by several aphid species in a persistent manner (i.e., insects remain infectious for life). Different aphid species vary in their efficiency of CABYV transmission, with _Aphis gossypii_ being one of the most efficient. Infectious insects can be spread with plant material or carried on air currents for long distances. The virus cannot be transmitted mechanically or by seed. Weed species serve as pathogen reservoirs. Disease management of aphid-transmitted viruses is difficult and may include vector control, removal of virus reservoirs, phytosanitation, cultural measures (such as barrier plantings) and use of resistant crop cultivars, if available.

ToLCNDV
-------
_Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus_ (ToLCNDV; genus _Begomovirus_) was first identified as causing severe yield losses on tomato and watermelon crops on the Indian subcontinent. It belongs to the tomato leaf curl and yellow leaf curl clades of the genus. Known species in these clades cause similar diseases on solanaceous and other hosts and are considered to be the biggest constraint to solanaceous and cucurbit crops, both in terms of yield losses (up to 100% in tomato) and loss of fruit quality.

Begomoviruses are transmitted by different whitefly vectors (such as _Bemisia tabaci_ biotypes). Many can also be transmitted by mechanical means and grafting; they are generally not considered to be capable of true seed transmission (i.e. via the embryo). Whiteflies in themselves are serious pests of many vegetable crops. If virus sources are available locally, high vector numbers are often reflected in high levels of the viral diseases they transmit. Begomovirus control is particularly difficult in open field crops due to the widespread presence and wide host range of whiteflies. Disease management may include pathogen exclusion, vector control, as well as elimination of possible pathogen and/or vector reservoirs. In some cases, crop cultivars with increased virus resistance are available.

ToLCNDV was limited to Asia until it was reported from Europe for the 1st time in 2013 on cucurbits in Spain (ProMED post 20131223.2131729). It has since also been reported from several other countries in the Mediterranean region and was included in the quarantine lists of the European & Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO). Severe potato leaf curl disease caused by a ToLCNDV is currently emerging as a global threat.

Novel viruses have been shown to emerge from recombination events during co-infections of ToLCNDV and other begomoviruses (see links below).The recombinant viruses are often more aggressive and have a widened host range, compared to each of the partners.

_Tomato brown rugose fruit virus_ which is also mentioned above is spreading in Europe. For more information on this virus see ProMED post 20241105.8719814 and earlier ProMED posts in the archives.

Pictures
CABYV symptoms on cucurbits:
https://agfstorage.blob.core.windows.net/misc/GN_nl/2019/12/10/komk.jpg,
https://media.springernature.com/original/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12600-011-0212-2/MediaObjects/12600_2011_212_Fig1_HTML.gif,
https://www.lfl.bayern.de/mam/cms07/ips/bilder/fittosize_600_0_2a85067985458b11127ccd25e2b980a1_p1010276_zugeschnitten.jpg,
https://agfstorage.blob.core.windows.net/misc/HD_com/2020/01/07/germany1.jpg and
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Miguel-Aranda-3/publication/249304896/figure/fig1/AS:393165325520908@1470749326906/Symptoms-in-plants-infected-with-Cucurbit-aphid-borne-yellows-virus-CABYV-In-melon.png
Leaf curl disease on tomato:
https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/sites/gateway/files/TYLCV%203%20bush.jpg,
https://c8.alamy.com/comp/ACGAME/tomato-yellow-leaf-curl-virus-symptoms-on-tomato-leaves-on-plants-ACGAME.jpg,
https://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/research/2008/TYLCV/image/TYLCV2.jpg,
https://vegcropshotline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/IMG_20180616_103634.jpg and
https://cienciacebas.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/aranda-2.jpg (ToLCNDV on cucumber & melon)
Whiteflies:
https://www.planetnatural.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/whitefly.jpg

Links
Information on CABYV:
https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.110067,
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CABYV0,
https://ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/cucurbits/cucurbit-aphid-borne-yellows/,
https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.01448-18,
http://ephytia.inra.fr/en/C/7702/Melon-Cucurbit-aphid-borne-yellows-virus-CABYV,
https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-18-0347-PDN,
https://www.lfl.bayern.de/ips/gartenbau/232797/index.php (in German) and
https://pflanzengesundheit.julius-kuehn.de/dokumente/upload/Cucurbit-aphid-borne-yellows-virus_expressPRA.pdf (in German)
Information on ToLCNDV:
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/TOLCND (with distribution),
https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.118179,
https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6179,
https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12978,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00140,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-021-00463-w (potato strain) and
https://doi.org/10.3390/v9100264 (review)
Novel ToLCNDV recombinant viruses:
https://doi.org/10.3390/v8110307 and
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-019-00849-7
Information on leaf curl viral diseases on different hosts:
http://www.oisat.org/pests/diseases/viral/leaf_curl__virus.html
EPPO A2 list:
https://www.eppo.int/ACTIVITIES/plant_quarantine/A2_list
Virus taxonomy via:
https://ictv.global/taxonomy
Information and taxonomy for virus vectors via:
https://bugguide.net/node/view/15740
- Mod.DHA

ProMED map:
Spain: https://promedmail.org/promed-post?place=8719966,43]