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International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

Date: July 2022
Source: European Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) Reporting Service 07/2022/151 [summ. Mod.DHA, edited]
https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/article-7382


In summer 2021, several tomato (_Solanum lycopersicum_) hybrids in glasshouse crops in two regions of Albania showed foliar symptoms such as interveinal yellowing of the basal leaves, brittleness and mild leaf curling. High populations of the whitefly _Trialeurodes vaporariorum_ were observed.

The presence of _Tomato chlorosis virus_ (ToCV, _Crinivirus_; EPPO A2 List) in symptomatic tomato plants was confirmed by RT-PCR. This is the 1st detection of ToCV in the country.

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Communicated by:
ProMED

[_Tomato chlorosis virus_ (ToCV; genus _Crinivirus_) infects crops in the family Solanaceae, as well as weeds which may serve as pathogen reservoirs. It can also affect a number of crop and ornamental species in other families such as Cucurbitaceae (which include cucumber mentioned above). Symptoms on tomato leaves may include irregular chlorotic mottle, interveinal yellowing, necrotic flecks, and possible distortions. No obvious symptoms develop on fruit and flowers, but fruit size and numbers are reduced due to a loss of photosynthetic area. Significant yield losses occur as a result, but symptom severity varies with host cultivars. Symptoms may be confused with nutritional problems and are also similar to those of the related _Tomato infectious chlorosis virus_ (TICV) of the same genus.

ToCV is transmitted by a number of whitefly vectors; outbreaks are usually associated with high vector populations. Whiteflies are a serious pest in themselves and have also been reported to transmit over 100 virus species. Multiple infections with viruses sharing these vectors (for example, coinfections of ToCV with TICV or _Southern tomato virus_; ProMED posts 20140808.2671012, 20190616.6522021) are not unusual and may result in symbiotic enhancement of symptoms (synergism) of the co-infecting viruses.

Control of whitefly transmitted viruses is particularly difficult in open field crops due to the widespread presence and wide host range of whiteflies. Disease management of these viruses is difficult and includes vector control; removal of reservoirs of both virus and vectors; use of crop varieties with increased pathogen tolerance; and clean planting material.

Maps
Albania:
https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200-q80/upload/e7/77/c2/al-01.jpg,
https://promedmail.org/promed-post?place=8704968,72, and
https://ontheworldmap.com/albania/map-of-albania.jpg (regions)
Europe, overview:
http://www.edinphoto.org.uk/0_MAPS/0_map_europe_political_2001_enlarged.jpg

Pictures
ToCV symptoms on tomato:
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-V7pjNeP6jMk/TyspbW49OJI/AAAAAAAAA9Q/fhSoxY-LYWI/s1600/ToCV+en+tomate.jpg,
https://gd.eppo.int/media/data/taxon/T/TOCV00/pics/1024x0/3511.jpg, and
http://www.growgardentomatoes.com/image-files/tomato-chlorosis-virus-2.jpg
Whiteflies:
https://www.planetnatural.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/whitefly.jpg and
https://www.pinpointpestcontrol.com/images/whitefly-on-plant.jpg

Links
ToCV information:
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/TOCV00 (with distribution),
https://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/Datasheet.aspx?dsid=54069,
http://www.growingproduce.com/article/14078/pest-of-the-month-tomato-chlorosis-virus,
https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-16-0054-RE,
https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.10.2017.0220, and via
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/tomato-chlorosis-virus
Information on criniviruses:
https://viralzone.expasy.org/287 and
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00099
Virus taxonomy via:
https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/
Information on whitefly vectors:
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r783301211.html
EPPO A2 quarantine list:
https://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/listA2.htm
- Mod.DHA]

See Also

2021
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Multiple viruses, tomato - India: (MH) 20210705.8495612
2020
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Tomato chlorosis virus: 1st reports, new hosts 20200607.7428940
2019
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Southern tomato virus - UK (02): symptomatology, comment 20190616.6522021
2018
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Tomato chlorosis virus - Netherlands 20180719.5914214
2015
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Vegetable viruses - Spain: (AN) alert 20151204.3839034
2014
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Tomato chlorosis virus - Tunisia: 1st rep (KR) 20140808.2671012
2013
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Tomato chlorosis virus - China: 1st rep (BJ) 20130916.1946775
and additional items in the archives

Website: http://www.isid.org

Published: August 11, 2022